“Quite apart from the substance of the idea, there is no reason to suppose that the Genesis myth to which Dawkins refers was meant literally. Coarse and tendentious atheists of the Dawkins variety prefer to overlook the vast traditions of figurative and allegorical interpretations with which believers have read Scripture. Both Augustine and before him the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria explicitly cautioned against literalism in interpreting the biblical creation story. Later, in the twelfth century, Maimonides took a similar view. It was only around the time of the Reformation that the idea that the story was a factual account of events became widely held. When he maintains that Darwin's account of evolution displaced the biblical story, Dawkins is assuming that both are explanatory theories—one primitive and erroneous, the other more advanced and literally true. In treating religion as a set of factual propositions, Dawkins is mimicking Christianity at its most fundamentalist.”
Augustine argued that the world was flat because the bible says so. He even said if there in fact were people walking (upside down!) on the underside of the earth, they were not sons of Adam anyway, and therefore not really people. It's hard to imagine a more literal reading of the bible.
If we are to read the bible as literature, and not think Jesus literally rose from the dead, or was literally the son of a literal god, or necessarily literally existed, etc., I'm fine with that. That's how I've been reading it for decades anyway.
It DOES make for fairly entertaining fable, if read as fiction, doesn't it?
@TheMiddleWay Are you quote mining on purpose? You even deleted the part after "accepted by scholars" that says "[who?]", and then dropped the very next line, "That view has been challenged:"
Then you conveniently left out...
"[Augustine] was familiar with the Greek theory of a spherical Earth, nevertheless, (following in the footsteps of his fellow North African, Lactantius), he was firmly convinced that the Earth was flat, was one of the two biggest bodies in existence and that it lay at the bottom of the universe. Apparently Augustine saw this picture as more useful for scriptural exegesis than the global Earth at the centre of an immense universe.[89]"
Moreover, you skip the entirety of the lengthy quote directly from Augustine that supports everything I just said and more:
"But as to the fable that there are Antipodes, that is to say, men on the opposite side of the Earth, where the sun rises when it sets to us, men who walk with their feet opposite ours that is on no ground credible. And, indeed, it is not affirmed that this has been learned by historical knowledge, but by scientific conjecture, on the ground that the Earth is suspended within the concavity of the sky, and that it has as much room on the one side of it as on the other: hence they say that the part that is beneath must also be inhabited. But they do not remark that, although it be supposed or scientifically demonstrated that the world is of a round and spherical form, yet it does not follow that the other side of the Earth is bare of water; nor even, though it be bare, does it immediately follow that it is peopled. For Scripture, which proves the truth of its historical statements by the accomplishment of its prophecies, gives no false information; and it is too absurd to say, that some men might have taken ship and traversed the whole wide ocean, and crossed from this side of the world to the other, and that thus even the inhabitants of that distant region are descended from that one first man.[86]"
Why would you skip all the salient points to give the impression that Augustine thought the earth was round, and not flat, as the bible says because the bible "gives no false information"?
@TheMiddleWay Perhaps the passage is too difficult for you to read. "Supposed" means people SUPPOSE the earth is round, and SUPPOSE it is scientifically demonstrated. The entire passage is an argument for a flat earth and against a round earth as a round earth cannot be suspended in the concavity of the sky. The "concavity" of the sky is the firmament dome described in Genesis that fits over the flat earth. Augustine is saying it is absurd to believe a round earth is suspended in that dome. Rather, the dome is covering the flat earth, and the flat earth is at the bottom the dome, as described in genesis.
The bible describes the four corners of the earth (that's where the phrase comes from), says the entire earth can be seen from high places, that all eyes will see Jesus come down from heaven, that an angel can stand on east, that the solid firmament has "floodgates" to let down precipitation, that god set the pillars of the earth to hold up the earth, etc.
The book of Enoch goes into even more heavily.
@TheMiddleWay I am curious. What is it you think the first sentence means?
"But as to the fable that there are Antipodes, that is to say, men on the opposite side of the Earth, where the sun rises when it sets to us, men who walk with their feet opposite ours that is on no ground credible. "
@TheMiddleWay He doesn't believe people live on the other side of the earth because believing such would entail accepting a round earth where you could sail to the other side, and walk around upside down. He calls this idea a "fable", and he calls the possibility of a round earth "scientific conjecture" that there would be as much room on one side as on the other.
He is certainly hedging his bets, but the entire passage denigrates the idea of a round earth, the idea that there is something "where the sun rises where it sets to us", etc. To read it any other way is simply obstinance.
@TheMiddleWay I don't think scholars are in the habit of quote mining and altering quotes "[who?]" to make it appear they exist. It's also baffling why a lengthy passage of Augustine's spherical earth theory is pasted right in the middle of the "flat earth" wikipedia page. Weird! (If those scholars are walking around upside down on the other side of the earth, they don't count anyway.)
The Bible as allegory? Tell that to the investors in the Noah’s Ark theme park, which “proves” that the ark was real.
Agreed. Not to mention the predecessor of the Noah’s Ark theme park, the Creation Museum. Tens of millions of dollars. At one point it featured a diorama of a huge dinosaur with a saddle on its back. That's right. Since they believe the earth is LITERALLY about six thousand years old, of course dinosaurs co-existed with humans.
The great majority of Christians do not take the Bible allegorically. Many more take the Bible literally than not. This is much more important than traditions which do not significantly affect the lives of millions of believers and non-believers alike.
This is the same old "atheism is another religion" argument. I am narrow minded, apparently, because of my inability to take the ridiculous with the undue seriousness with which they embrace it.
There are is a wide spectrum of believers and most are closer to the literal description in the Bible. One cannot blame Dawkins for taking them at their word.
What relevance to the debate between fundamentalism and science do the others have anyway ?
What's the criteria for determining what is literal and what is allegorical in the Bible? Don't fault Dawkins for responding to a healthy chunk of Christians who take the Bible literally.
What relevance to the debate between fundamentalism and science do the others have anyway ?
@Fernapple and because it's allegorical it's beyond examination?
@Count_Viceroy Very true. Actually using fictional evidence as a basis for your world model is no better however you use it.
People like dawkins can back up their lectures with proof....based on actual evidence.....show me one shred of evidence to back up any evidence relating to that fairy story book nutters call the bible
From what we have been seeing many of the evangelical Christians today talk about the literal statements from(a) bible - there are several versions. I am sure not all atheist agree on some of the finer points but we all agree all religious teachings are crap and only pollute ones mind. Dawkins is human and so can be prone to mistakes but my question would be how much conflict of interests are involved. Religion has a massive conflict of interest but there is usually little gain in helping people let go of myths. Looking at some of the links I suspect Gray is a stealth religionist. Denigrating science and glorifying religion shows that.
Yes, it's obviously Richard Dawkins who is closed minded. Ha ha ha.
Because there have been a small number of xtians over the years who purported that the bible was allegorical, it was obviously never meant to be taken literally.
And what about other bible stories? Believing in the literal resurrection and virgin birth is what defines a christian. A great many xtians also believe that the bible is the unerring word of god regardless Philo, Augustine, and Maimonides many have said.
started reading but then found myself examining my navel & noticed a tiny amount of lint...
Nonsense. without the original sin of Adam and Eve in the garden, Jesus would be redundant. Of course the story is taken literally.
You're absolutely right. He was never beleived to have come on earth to be a propitiatory sacrifice for an allegory.
@TheAstroChuck It's from scripture.
I think of him as the 'David v Goliath' figure who took on an organisation single-handedly and won. I read two of his books, The Selfish Gene and the The Extended Phenotype, and they are truly wonderful books. No doubt, he will come to be seen as a stepping stone among others who took us forward in our understanding of ourselves. That move forward usually involves modifying what has been done earlier so I trust Dawkins' work will undergo the same process.
You should also read "Unweaving the Rainbow" for his thoughts on religion and human culture if you can, and "The Blind Watchmaker", is pure fun.
When fundie's don't believe catholics are even christian there's some serious translation problems in religion. Batshit crazy is what they all are.
Well, Catholics, at least, don't take the bible 100% literally. Like they don't think there was a literal garden if eden, for instance. At least I don't THINK so. It's been a while. Like 55 years or so. But that's SOMETHING, anyway. They DO buy into the gist if it, though. Most of it.
There is perhaps no doubt that Dawkins is arrogant. But having said that there is perhaps a failing of logic in criticizing him for only attacking the easy target of fundamentalist religion, and failing to engage with the the, “ vast traditions of figurative and allegorical ”, when by definition such traditions are irrelevant to the debate between the literal interpretation of religious texts and science.
Especially as by some definitions such traditions could be said not to be religion at all.
Dawkins does not ‘assume,’ ...you lost me there. The Science was not replaced, religious teachings were overridden is how I take that.
I always figured Dawkins was critiquing Religion as currently (for the past 500 years or so) practiced, not as Augustine or Philo may have considered it. When he, or anyone else for that matter, denigrates Religion as an institution, it’s irrelevant whether Genesis is considered to be literal or figurative. It’s the basic function and purpose of religion that cause the problems, not the details of the dogma of its adherents. Saying that Dawkins has a closed mind entirely misses the point.
well, it is interesting to know that the bible's original readers (or hearers) were not encouraged to take genesis literally, but as for dawkins, i had been an atheist for nine years when his first book came out, so he had no influence on me one way or the other, and still doesn't.
g
Ditto.
I was reading Daniel C Dennett when I was in grade school. I didn't know until years later that he is an atheist. I wonder if that had something to do with my lack of belief and always questioning religion. I just know I couldn't make myself swallow the garbage the fundies were peddling. I could never get past the concept of original sin.
so how do we know which parts are an analogy and which parts are the literal word of god. Please pass on the bits that are literal......better yet.....why don't YOU re-write it so the christian world can be of one mind
The writer of this article and I, as most members of this site, are not believers in a literal god, so I don’t claim that any of the Bible is the literal word of God.
As to the Genesis creation stories being considered allegorical, let us consider what everybody's favorite Genesis allegoricalist, Augustine, thought about the age of the Universe. From his book City of God, book 18 (http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120118.htm):
Chapter 40.— About the Most Mendacious Vanity of the Egyptians, in Which They Ascribe to Their Science an Antiquity of a Hundred Thousand Years.
In vain, then, do some babble with most empty presumption, saying that Egypt has understood the reckoning of the stars for more than a hundred thousand years. For in what books have they collected that number who learned letters from Isis their mistress, not much more than two thousand years ago? Varro, who has declared this, is no small authority in history, and it does not disagree with the truth of the divine books. For as it is not yet six thousand years since the first man, who is called Adam, are not those to be ridiculed rather than refuted who try to persuade us of anything regarding a space of time so different from, and contrary to, the ascertained truth? For what historian of the past should we credit more than him who has also predicted things to come which we now see fulfilled? And the very disagreement of the historians among themselves furnishes a good reason why we ought rather to believe him who does not contradict the divine history which we hold. But, on the other hand, the citizens of the impious city, scattered everywhere through the earth, when they read the most learned writers, none of whom seems to be of contemptible authority, and find them disagreeing among themselves about affairs most remote from the memory of our age, cannot find out whom they ought to trust. But we, being sustained by divine authority in the history of our religion, have no doubt that whatever is opposed to it is most false, whatever may be the case regarding other things in secular books, which, whether true or false, yield nothing of moment to our living rightly and happily.
(the "chapters" are all very short" )
Yes, Augustine was a young-earther, and most Christian and Jewish theologians were young-earthers until the last few centuries, despite many pagan philosophers believing that the Universe is much older than what one would calculate from the Bible's genealogies. In fact, some philosophers believed that the Universe is infinitely old -- eternal.