In addition to those mentioned, the discovery of radiocarbon dating by Willard Libby; the discovery of the iridium rich K-Pg boundary by the team led by Luis Alvarez; and the inadvertent discovery by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the Big Bang.

Without any question. The invention of the transistor. When vacuum tubes were replaced by the much smaller and faster transistors then computers started their path to becoming smaller, lighter, and more efficient. This also includes the cousins of transistors such as diodes, SCRs, and any other NP junction electronic components.

The printing press. Unfortunately much of it's purpose was wasted on printing bibles.

The discovery and systematic classification of the chemical elements.

charles darwins natural selection

Birth Control

Evolution.
The equations of motion
Special and General Relativity
The atomic nature of matter.
The existence.of micro-organisms (bacteria etc)
The wave/particle dual nature of electromagnetic radiation

Ernest Rutherford’s splitting the Atom.

I like big butts...

Haha

The recent observation of gravitational waves.

Vaccines and Antibiotics

Beer.

Plate tectonics - underpins all of earth sciences. The modern synthesis of genetics and evolution. Quantum mechanics.

The biggest was finding out how to harness and generate electricity , that has made everything in the modern world possible , without it we would be no where !!

They're hoping what's going on in Antarctica is going to help confirm the existence of neutrinos, that's pretty big. Psychology and Psychiatry have seen explosive growth in depth and breadth of various research angles.

Electricity, DNA, radio, television, mapping the genome, the internet, computers (and by extension cell phones, tablets, laptops, their implementation in industry) atomic power (like it or not it's a breakthrough) indoor plumbing, hot water heaters, microwaves from radar dishes to ovens, RADAR, Sonar, lasers, rockets, space travel (yes they're different rocketry has other applications) penicillin, pasteurization, inoculation.

Without a time frame...I could go on forever. Every scientific breakthrough that results in something that changes the everyday lives of normal people is a major scientific breakthrough. Anything 'minor' probably only interests other scientists.

Confirming the Higgs Boson is HUGE, but since no one is really affected by it, understands it, or cares, it's not regarded as a major breakthrough. The neutrino thing will fall under this category as well.

Not enough. We as a species still need to evolve.