Mathematics was developed mostly in China and this spread through the Silk Road through Muslim traders. Muslim translated much of the Chinese concepts and of course contributed, however they were at their core Chinese.
Europeans had almost no contact with China and learned algebra and the concept of algorithms from the Arab scholars. They believed that it was the Arabs who invented it, however it was actually originally Chinese.

Actual modern mathematics grew from original Greek math and then later Chinese/Arab algebra and culminated with German and English mathematicians such as Leibnitz, Newton, Gauss etc etc., to give us the wonderful math tools we use everyday... differential equations.

And of course when the Arabic/Indian numerals arrived in Europe, the church tried to have them banned.