"A quasar is a supermassive black hole in the core of a galaxy, wrapped in a bright disk of material. The most distant quasar now known is J0313-1806 (illustrated), which dates back to when the universe was a mere 670 million years old."
In J0313-1806's formation, did the gargantuan seed black hole form through the direct collapse of vast amounts of primordial hydrogen gas, or did J0313-1806’s seed start out small, forming through stellar collapse, or some other process?
Edwin Hubble hypothesized two universes, the first of them expanding.
*If the red shifts are a Doppler shift . . . the observations as they stand lead to the anomaly of a closed universe, curiously small and dense, and, it may be added, suspiciously young.
On the other hand, if red shifts are not Doppler effects, these anomalies disappear and the region observed appears as a small, homogeneous, but insignificant portion of a universe extended indefinitely in both space and time.*
Source (written years later): E. Hubble, 1937 Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
What if anything do you conclude?
BTW, I choose #3. Neither of the above.
#3. Hubble's theories are much older than the current theories, which have the benefit of more information about the universe than Hubble had.
Hubble did astronomy. The more recent theories are those of mathematicians, aka theoretical physicists.
@AnonySchmoose The mathematicians don’t find black holes, dark matter, etc.
They write gravity-only equations and, within our solar system where gravity is strong, their equations almost correctly describe what they see. I worked in the Apollo program and knew of the mid-course corrections necessary to land on the moon.
In the vastly larger Milky Way galaxy, where electricity is vastly stronger than gravity, their equations do not correctly describe what they see.
They invent enough matter (black holes, dark matter, etc ) and add terms to their equations that make their equations correct.
Stating such a question seems meaningless. For the vast majority of readers, they wouldn't have a clue, given even the most able minds in cosmology don't know. So why ask such a question and offer only two possible answers?
If people are interested in astrophysics, they may know more about this.
I added a third option, in case you wish to comment on what it is that you know which answers the question. Best wishes.
Neither. Black holes are science fiction, aka lies.
What evidence do you have that blackholes are fiction?
Black Holes Matter!
And the Earth's FLAT..
Most likely the massive galactic black holes never experienced a period of actual stellar activity. They formed with the first generation hydrogen giant stars that only lasted tens of thousands of years at most before nova/super nova.
Such stars are long extinct now, not even represented on the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram of main sequence stellar evolution.
Astrophysics is pretty mind-boggling and amazing. I remember hearing something like in your comment. Thanks very much for sharing that.
@AnonySchmoose The closest we would have now would be unnova where a red giant is just the right size and instead of exploding just wink out by collapsing too fast to explode.
Betelgeuse could very well be of the unnova type.
@Willow_Wisp
I guess you've studied this and remember.
I've watched many videos and remember too, though not as well as you.
I agree, there has to have been a point where surrounding matter is too dense for expansion into a red giant or where any nuclear force could prevent collapse. Any stellar activity would have been short lived, this does have some interesting implications for dark energy expansion.
If you're fond of the Big Bounce that could be choice c.